Conductas de riesgo asociadas con el inicio sexual temprano en adolescentes en México.

OBJETIVO: Analizar factores asociados con el inicio sexual temprano (IST) en mujeres y hombres de 15 a 19 años. Material y métodos. Utilizando información de adolescentes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022, se examina el IST (<15 años). Mediante un enfoque ecológico se ajustaron modelos probit multivariados por sexo para explorar factores sociodemográficos, psicosociales y de comportamiento sexual asociados con IST. RESULTADOS: Mujeres residentes en la región Pacífico-Centro y Pacífico-Sur, así como aquellas con pareja sexual de mayor edad por cinco años o más y hombres con estrato socioeconómico medio, tienen mayor probabilidad de IST que sus contrapartes de la región Pacífico-Norte, diferencia de edad con la pareja menor a cinco años y estrato bajo, respectivamente. Conclusión. Debido a que el IST en adolescentes está determinado por el contexto sociodemográfico y desigualdades de género, para una sexualidad saludable se requiere garantizar educación integral en sexualidad y servicios de salud de calidad.

Rezago en desarrollo infantil temprano en México: un análisis de la desigualdad.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la desigualdad en el rezago de desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT) en la niñez de 24 a 59 meses. Material y métodos. Se evaluó el DIT mediante el índice de desarrollo infantil temprano 2030. Se estimaron los factores asociados con el rezago de DIT y su índice de concentración (IC), además de su descomposición para estimar la desigualdad entre los factores. RESULTADOS: La desigualdad se concentró más en la niñez con menor nivel de bienestar (IC= -0.09, p<0.01), con peores niveles en estados con marginación muy alta (-0.28, valor-p <0.01) y muy baja (-0.15, valor- p= 0.03). Los factores que más contribuyen a esta desigualdad son falta de acceso a libros y de apoyo al aprendizaje, además de residencia en municipios de alta marginación. Conclusión. Las políticas públicas deben enfocarse en priorizar a la niñez en riesgo de no lograr su máximo DIT, facilitar el acceso a oportunidades de aprendizaje y a libros infantiles.

Utilización de servicios preventivos de salud sexual y reproductiva antes y durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en México.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la utilización de servicios preventivos de salud sexual y reproductiva (SPSSR) en mujeres y hombres adultos antes y durante la pandemia Covid-19 y características sociodemográficas asociadas. Material y métodos. Usando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-19, 2021 y 2022 se analizó información sobre las pruebas realizadas de Papanicolaou y VPH, exploración clínica de mamas, mastografía, antígeno prostático y tacto rectal. Se construyeron modelos logísticos multivariados estratificados por sexo para explorar la asociación entre la utilización de los SPSSR y variables seleccionadas. RESULTADOS: Desde antes de la pandemia se observan bajas prevalencias en procedimientos diagnósticos, particularmente en hombres, que se agudizaron durante la emergencia sanitaria. La población con un perfil sociodemográfico más favorecido presenta mayor posibilidad de utilizar SPSSR; asimismo, se observan inequidades de género en algunas características. Conclusión. La experiencia de la pandemia puso de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar y fortalecer los SPSSR para lograr una mayor eficiencia.

Sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos: Ensanut 2022.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Material y métodos. La Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 evaluó la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva mediante la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-7). En adolescentes se estimó el puntaje promedio y en adultos la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva. RESULTADOS: En adolescentes el puntaje promedio de la CESD-7 fue 3.2. El 16.7% de los adultos tiene sintomatología depresiva, siendo mayor en adultos mayores (38.3%) que en adultos (11.3%). Se observaron mayores prevalencias en mujeres, adultos con índice de bienestar bajo y en adultos mayores residentes del área rural. Conclusión. A nivel nacional la prevalencia de sintomatología depresiva es similar a lo estimado en 2018-19. Se deben orientar acciones para mejorar la salud mental de la población, particularmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento de personas con mayor sintomatología depresiva como son mujeres, adultos con bajo índice de bienestar y residentes de área rural.

Desarrollo infantil temprano, sus determinantes y disciplina en la niñez mexicana: Ensanut 2022.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la prevalencia de desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT), sus determinantes y la exposición a métodos de disciplina en la niñez mexicana en 2022. Material y métodos. Se estimaron los indicadores de DIT, sus determinantes y la exposición a métodos de disciplina siguiendo la metodología de las Encuestas de Indicadores por Conglomerados (MICS). Para cada indicador se estimaron las prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95% y se desagregaron por características infantiles y sociodemográficas. RESULTADOS: El 19.3% de las niñas y niños de 24 a 59 meses no alcanzó su máximo potencial de DIT. Existe baja asistencia a programas de aprendizaje temprano (7.1%) y preescolar (62.4%). En el grupo de cinco años, 41.7% no tenía libros y 8.1% recibió cuidado inadecuado. El 55.5% de las niñas y niños de 1 a 14 años fue expuesto a disciplina violenta. Conclusión. Los resultados nos permiten conocer la situación de la niñez y orientar la política pública de esta población.

Salud sexual y reproductiva en población adolescente y adulta en México, 2022.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la situación de la salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) en población adolescente (10-19) y adulta (20-49). Material y métodos. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022, se estimaron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95% para indicadores de SSR. RESULTADOS: En adolescentes, 73.2% ha escuchado hablar de anticonceptivos, 88.1% saben que el condón se usa una sola vez y 60.4% que previene embarazos e infecciones de transmisión sexual; 22.8% ha iniciado vida sexual y 73.2% usaron condón en la primera relación sexual. En la población adulta, 42.7 y 38.0% no usaron protección en la primera y última relación sexual y 53.4 y 40.7% usaron condón en la primera y última relación sexual. Se encontraron diferencias en la atención de la salud materna entre adolescentes y adultas. Conclusión. Contar con información actualizada en SSR permite focalizar la atención en las necesidades de las personas.

Adolescent use of outpatient health services in Mexico: their health needs and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate adolescent use of outpatient services, identifying their health needs and associated socioeconomic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from Ensanut 2018-2019, adolescents (ages 10-19) with health needs and those receiving care from health personnel (users) were identified. Needs were analyzed by sex and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic models were used to assess the factors associated with the use of health care and choice of provider. RESULTS: 6% of adolescents reported health needs, of whom 64% used outpatient services. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were the principal health needs prompting use of services overall. However, by SES, motivations centered on pregnancy for the poor and accidental injuries for the wealthy. One in three adolescents with health needs, particularly the poorest, received no care. Living with a partner and having health insurance were the main predictors of use. Greater schooling among household heads and higher SES correlated with the use of private services. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being aware of their health needs, adolescents are the group that uses health services the least in Mexico. Promoting preventative and timely treatment for this population would encourage youths to seek care more often.

Sexual and reproductive health among adolescents in vulnerable contexts in Mexico: Needs, knowledge, and rights.

Ensuring sexual and reproductive health, and rights for adolescents entails the prevention of early pregnancies, which are widely recognized as a public health problem. Based on the ecological model for early pregnancy, this article identifies the healthcare requirements for preventing unintended adolescent pregnancies in predominantly indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods study design, we surveyed adolescents (12-15 years old) and health personnel, organized focus groups with adolescents and their parents, and conducted in-depth interviews at the individual, family, school and community levels. Results showed that adolescents recognized their right to receive sexuality education (64.5%) as well as information on contraceptive methods (53.0%), with indigenous language speakers and individuals living in overcrowded households less likely to know about these rights. Parents of adolescents knew little about contraception and pregnancy. School teachers lacked necessary tools for offering comprehensive sexuality education. A traditional, patriarchal perspective predominated among participants, fostering gender inequalities. In conclusion, it is essential to implement multifocal strategies under a human-rights, intercultural, and health-equity approach. Special attention should be directed to the spheres in which adolescents interact, and efforts should focus on improving knowledge, empowering adolescents, and enhancing their access to sexual and reproductive health resources.

Public policy on the prevention of subsequent adolescent pregnancy: what type of policy prevails?

This study aims to conduct a search of public-policy instruments seeking explicit references to subsequent adolescent pregnancy, as well as to discern what kinds of actions have been proposed as part of the international and national agendas to facilitate subsequent adolescent pregnancy prevention and care. During June 2021, we used an integrative review to search and to analyze national and international public policy instruments along with other documents related to subsequent adolescent pregnancy. We observed, for each, the presence of statements on subsequent adolescent pregnancy. The research team was then divided into triads to discuss and to classify each reference under one of the following categories: (a) a symbolic statement, that is, an intention not implying a specific action but rather presenting a vision for the future; (b) a substantive-material statement concerning an action intended to solve a problem; and (c) a procedural-material statement indicating specific actions, processes, budgets, and actors. We analyzed a total of 135 public-policy documents: 102 in Mexico and 33 internationally. Only four national and six international documents contained either symbolic or substantive-material references to the subject of interest and only one specified a procedural-material statement. The prevention and care of subsequent adolescent pregnancy are addressed only secondarily on the public agendas. Only a minimal number of actions comprise specific and standardized measures to prevent subsequent adolescent pregnancy according to the different actors involved. Designing a greater number of procedural-material policies will help to reduce morbidity and mortality in the mother-child binomial and promote a comprehensive development of this population.

Continuum of care for maternal, newborn and child health: Evidence from a national survey in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To compare coverage of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) continuum of care between women who had experienced adolescent maternity (AM) and those who had not. METHODS: Using a Mexican probabilistic survey representative at the national level (ENSANUT 2018-19), we developed a cross-sectional analysis of 1,768 women aged 12 to 49 years who had a child within five years before the interview. We used modified Poisson models to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and independent and conditional coverage levels based on the probability estimates yielded by these models at different stages of maternal-newborn care process. RESULTS: PRs for the MNCH continuum of care were approximately 40% lower for women who had experienced AM compared to those who had not (95%CI:0.35, 1.14). The coverage for the MNCH continuum of care was only 7.4% [95%CI: 3.5, 11.2] and 11.7% [95%CI: 9.3, 14.1] in women who had/not experienced AM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of a continuum of care for mothers and their children can be achieved through a combination of well-defined policies and strategies that improve health care practices and services throughout the life cycle. It is necessary to expand the coverage and quality of care, which will provide the opportunity to shift the focus from vertical programs to integrated continuous care. Policy makers must implement interventions that are consistent with specific problems of population and health-care providers. Our analysis highlights the deficiencies in the care process, making this study a useful reference for countries with similar characteristics.

Comparison of suicide attempts among nationally representative samples of Mexican adolescents 12 months before and after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: There is serious concern over the increase in mental health problems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. METHODS: Based on data from two Mexican National Health and Nutrition Surveys conducted in 2018-2019 and 2020 (n = 17,925 and 4,913, respectively), we estimated the prevalence of suicide attempts among adolescents 10-19 years old in the previous year. We constructed a multivariate logistic regression model adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics and contextual variables for the Covid-19 pandemic. RESULTS: The prevalence of suicide attempts in the previous year was similar in both surveys. We found that women, youth in urban localities and individuals living in households where a family member had lost her/his job as a result of the Covid-19 contingency were more likely to attempt suicide compared to their counterparts. On the other hand, attending classes online proved to be a protective factor (aOR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1, 0.8, p = 0.022). LIMITATIONS: The principal limitation of our study concerned the restricted size of our sample for the 2020 survey wave. CONCLUSIONS: Population-level policies aimed at providing economic protection and helping youth to return to school would exert a favorable impact on the mental health and suicidal behavior of youths.

Public policy on the prevention of subsequent adolescent pregnancy: what type of policy prevails? / Políticas públicas para la prevención de embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes: ¿qué tipo de política prevalece? / Políticas públicas de prevenção de gestações sucessivas na adolescência: que tipo de política prevalece?

This study aims to conduct a search of public-policy instruments seeking explicit references to subsequent adolescent pregnancy, as well as to discern what kinds of actions have been proposed as part of the international and national agendas to facilitate subsequent adolescent pregnancy prevention and care. During June 2021, we used an integrative review to search and to analyze national and international public policy instruments along with other documents related to subsequent adolescent pregnancy. We observed, for each, the presence of statements on subsequent adolescent pregnancy. The research team was then divided into triads to discuss and to classify each reference under one of the following categories: (a) a symbolic statement, that is, an intention not implying a specific action but rather presenting a vision for the future; (b) a substantive-material statement concerning an action intended to solve a problem; and (c) a procedural-material statement indicating specific actions, processes, budgets, and actors. We analyzed a total of 135 public-policy documents: 102 in Mexico and 33 internationally. Only four national and six international documents contained either symbolic or substantive-material references to the subject of interest and only one specified a procedural-material statement. The prevention and care of subsequent adolescent pregnancy are addressed only secondarily on the public agendas. Only a minimal number of actions comprise specific and standardized measures to prevent subsequent adolescent pregnancy according to the different actors involved. Designing a greater number of procedural-material policies will help to reduce morbidity and mortality in the mother-child binomial and promote a comprehensive development of this population.

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una búsqueda de instrumentos de políticas públicas que hagan referencia explícita a los embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes, así como distinguir qué tipo de acciones forman parte de las agendas internacionales y nacionales para su prevención y atención. Durante el mes de junio de 2021, realizamos una revisión integradora para buscar y analizar instrumentos de políticas públicas nacionales e internacionales, junto con otros documentos relacionados a los embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes. Para cada uno, registramos la presencia de declaraciones sobre embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes. El equipo de investigación se dividió en tríadas para discutir y clasificar cada referencia en una de las siguientes categorías: (a) declaración simbólica, es decir, intención que no implica una acción específica, sino una visión hacia el futuro; (b) declaración material-sustantiva, hace referencia a una acción enfocada en resolver un problema; y (c) declaración material-procedimental, indica acciones, procedimientos, presupuestos y actores específicos. En total se analizaron 135 documentos de políticas públicas: 102 de México y 33 a nivel internacional. Solamente cuatro documentos nacionales y seis internacionales contenían referencias simbólicas o materiales sobre el tema de interés, únicamente uno refirió una declaración material-procedimental. La prevención y la atención de embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes son temas secundarios en las agendas públicas. Pocas son las acciones que comprenden medidas específicas y estandarizadas para prevenir los embarazos subsecuentes en adolescentes de acuerdo con los diferentes actores involucrados. La elaboración de más políticas procedimentales y sustantivas contribuirá a una reducción de la morbimortalidad en el binomio madre-hijo y a una promoción del desarrollo integral de este grupo poblacional.

O objetivo foi realizar uma busca de instrumentos de políticas públicas que busquem referências explícitas a gestações sucessivas na adolescência, bem como discernir que tipos de ações têm sido propostas como parte das agendas internacionais e nacionais para facilitar sua prevenção e cuidado. Durante junho de 2021, utilizamos uma revisão integrativa para pesquisar e analisar instrumentos de políticas públicas nacionais e internacionais, juntamente com outros documentos relacionados a gestações sucessivas na adolescência. Para cada um, registramos a presença de declarações sobre gestações sucessivas na adolescência. A equipe de pesquisa então se dividiu em tríades para discutir e classificar cada referência sob uma das seguintes categorias: (a) uma declaração simbólica, ou seja, uma intenção sem implicação de uma ação específica, mas uma apresentação de visão para o futuro; (b) uma declaração substantiva sobre uma ação destinada a resolver um problema; e (c) uma declaração processual-material indicando ações, processos, orçamentos e atores específicos. Foram analisados um total de 135 documentos de políticas públicas: 102 no México e 33 internacionalmente. Apenas quatro documentos mexicanos e seis internacionais continham referências simbólicas ou substantivas ao tema de interesse e apenas um especificava uma declaração processual-material. A prevenção e o cuidado de gestações sucessivas na adolescência são abordados como secundários nas agendas públicas. Apenas um número mínimo de ações compreende medidas específicas e padronizadas para prevenir gestações sucessivas na adolescência de acordo com os diferentes atores envolvidos. A elaboração de um maior número de políticas processual-material ajudará a reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade no binômio mãe-filho e promover um desenvolvimento abrangente desse grupo populacional.

Factores asociados con el consumo excesivo de alcohol: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 / Factors associated with binge drinking: National Health and Nutrition Survey 2020, Covid-19

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer la magnitud del consumo excesivo de alcohol (CEA) y su asociación con los factores individuales, familiares y sociales entre agosto y noviembre de 2020 en México. Material y métodos: Con base en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19, se analizaron 8 595 adultos mayores de 20 años. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística estratificados por sexo y se obtuvieron razones de momios (RM) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados: El CEA fue de 40.43%; hombres 56.49% y mujeres 25.70%. Los principales factores asociados fueron ser hombre (RM=3.66; IC95%: 3.22,4.12), edad de 20 a 29 años (RM=3.65; IC95%: 2.89,4.63), salir a trabajar durante la pandemia (RM=1.56; IC95%: 1.33,1.81) y tener dos o más escolares en el hogar (RM=1.20; IC95%: 1.03,1.39). Conclusiones: En México, el patrón de CEA es prevalente; por su naturaleza de riesgo y su amplia distribución poblacional, es prioritario implementar intervenciones preventivas individuales y de salud pública.

Abstract: Objective: Estimate the magnitude of binge drinking and its association with individual, family, and social factors between August to November 2020 in Mexico. Materials and methods: Based on the data from National Health and Nutrition Survey 2020 Covid-19, 8 595 adults over 20 years old were analyzed. Stratified logistic regression models by sex were estimated obtaining odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: The binge drinking reported was 40.43%; in men 56.49% and in women 25.70%. The main associated factors were being a man (OR=3.66; 95%CI: 3.22,4.17), age 20 to 29 years (OR=3.56; 95%CI: 2.89,4.63), going to work during the pandemic (OR=1.56; 95%CI: 1.33,1.81), and having two or more people of school children (OR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.03,1.39). Conclusions: The binge drinking pattern in Mexico is prevalent; due to the risky nature and the wide population distribution, it is a priority to implement individual preventive and public health interventions.

Diferenciales en desarrollo infantil temprano por edad de la madre, Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres 2015 / Differentials in early childhood development by mother's age, National Survey of Girls, Boys and Women 2015

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar el estado de salud, bienestar, desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT) de los niños y niñas menores de cinco años y su asociación con la edad de la madre. Material y métodos: Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres 2015, se compararon características sociodemográficas e indicadores de bienestar, DIT, nutrición, salud y protección infantil por edad de la madre. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística para conocer las características asociadas con el DIT adecuado. Resultados: Los hijos/as de madres adolescentes presentan menores posibilidades de DIT adecuado. El apoyo al aprendizaje incrementa casi tres veces las posibilidades de desarrollo adecuado; ser hombre e hijo o hija de madres con sintomatología depresiva reduce estas posibilidades. Conclusiones: Es importante diseñar políticas públicas basadas en condiciones modificables focalizadas en apoyo al aprendizaje, prevención y atención de sintomatología depresiva para disminuir riesgos para el desarrollo e incrementar la atención a los hijos/as de madres en condiciones de desventaja.

Abstract: Objective: To determine under-5 children's state of health, well-being, Early Childhood Development (ECD) and its association with mother age. Materials and methods: Using the National Survey of Girls, Boys and Women (ENIM, in Spanish) 2015, we compared sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of well-being, child development, nutrition, health, and child protection by age of the mother. We adjusted a logistic regression model to know the characteristics associated with an appropriate early child development. Results: The children of adolescent mothers are less likely to have an adequate ECD. Children with support for learning are about three times more likely to develop properly, while being a boy or having a mother with depressive symptomatology reduces this likelihood. Conclusions: It is important to design public policies based on modifiable conditions focused on support for learning, prevention and care of depressive symptoms to reduce development risks and increase care for the children of mothers in disadvantaged conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Lifetime Suicide Attempts among Mexican Adolescents, over the Past 12 Years.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the occurrence of suicide attempts across nationally representative samples of the Mexican adolescent population over the past 12 years, and to analyze its association with sociodemographic, lifestyle and mental-health indicators. METHODOLOGY: Data were drawn from the 2006, 2012 and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (n = 25,056; 21,509; and 17,925 adolescents, respectively). Estimates were based on standardized measurements. RESULTS: The estimated lifetime prevalence rates of suicide attempts were 1.1% in 2006, 2.7% in 2012, and 3.9% in 2018, indicating a 3.4-fold increase. Across the three survey periods, women yielded rates nearly three times higher than men. Lifetime prevalence grew the most among adolescents aged 13-15 years. Compared to the other respondents, the odds of lifetime suicide attempts proved seven times as high for those who had been sexually abused during their childhood, five times as high for those who had been diagnosed with a depressive disorder, three times as high for those who had suffered physical aggression and twice as high for those who had smoked 100+ cigarettes in their lifetimes and those who consumed alcohol. CONCLUSION: The sharp increase in suicide attempts in Mexico calls for an urgent public-health response via universal and targeted interventions supported by national policy and sustained federal funding.

Differentials in early childhood development by mother's age, National Survey of Girls, Boys and Women 2015 / Diferenciales en desarrollo infantil temprano por edad de la madre, Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres 2015.

Objective: To determine under-5 children's state of health, well-being, Early Childhood Development (ECD), and its association with mother's age. Materials and methods: Using the National Survey of Girls, Boys and Women (ENIM, in Spanish) 2015, we compared sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of well-being, child development, nutrition, health, and child protection by age of the mother. We adjusted a logistic regression model to know the characteristics associated with appropriate early child development. Results: The children of adolescent mothers are less likely to have an adequate ECD. Children with support for learning are about three times more likely to develop properly, while being a boy or having a mother with depressive symptomatology reduces this likelihood. Conclusions: It is important to design public policies based on modifiable conditions focused on support for learning, prevention, and care of depressive symptoms to reduce development risks and increase care for the children of mothers in disadvantaged conditions.

Factores asociados con el consumo excesivo de alcohol: Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19.

Objetivo. Conocer la magnitud del consumo excesivo de alcohol (CEA) y su asociación con los factores individuales, familiares y sociales entre agosto y noviembre de 2020 en México. Material y métodos. Con base en los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19, se analizaron 8 595 adultos mayores de 20 años. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística estratificados por sexo y se obtuvieron razones de momios (RM) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados. El CEA fue de 40.43%; hombres 56.49% y mujeres 25.70%. Los principales factores asociados fueron ser hombre (RM=3.66; IC95%: 3.22,4.12), edad de 20 a 29 años (RM=3.65; IC95%: 2.89,4.63), salir a trabajar durante la pandemia (RM=1.56; IC95%: 1.33,1.81) y tener dos o más escolares en el hogar (RM=1.20; IC95%: 1.03,1.39). Conclusiones. En México, el patrón de CEA es prevalente; por su naturaleza de riesgo y su amplia distribución poblacional, es prioritario implementar intervenciones preventivas individuales y de salud pública.

"I Matter, I Learn, I Decide": An Impact Evaluation on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Rights to Prevent Adolescent Pregnancy.

Adolescent pregnancy is considered a priority public health issue because of its implications in the lives of young mothers, their children, and the well-being of the general population. In this paper, we describe an intervention targeting adolescents (aged 11-19 years old) in a rural context and estimate its impact on key outcomes relevant to early pregnancy prevention: knowledge and self-efficacy concerning sexual and reproductive health, knowledge of sexual and reproductive rights, and attitudes toward gender roles. Our study used a quasi-experimental design comprising 747 adolescents. Three difference-in-differences models (raw, adjusted, and by exposure level) with fixed effects estimated the changes in all outcome measures. Our results showed that the intervention community had a significant improvement in all outcomes, and this improvement was larger in those who received the highest-exposure level of intervention compared to a control community. Our study provides evidence that a community-based intervention, founded on comprehensive sexual education, is a promising approach to improve key outcomes related to early pregnancy in rural contexts. Further research should be undertaken to test how similar strategies focusing on multi-layer early pregnancy determinants work on other sub-groups of vulnerable adolescents, such as school dropouts or those living in disadvantaged circumstances.

Covid-19 durante el embarazo: revisión rápida y metaanálisis / Covid-19 during pregnancy: a rapid review and meta-analysis

Resumen: Objetivo: Resumir la evidencia científica sobre efectos maternos y neonatales del Covid-19 durante el embarazo. Material y métodos Se realizó una revisión rápida Cochrane y un metaanálisis de proporciones y razones de momios (RM). Resultados: Los eventos maternos más comunes fueron la ventilación mecánica invasiva y admisión a la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI); las complicaciones del embarazo fueron el sufrimiento fetal y la ruptura prematura de membranas; las comorbilidades fueron la obesidad y el asma. Las cesáreas indicadas por Covid-19 fueron frecuentes (51%). Los eventos neonatales comunes fueron bajo peso y prematuridad; se identificaron neonatos SARS-CoV-2 positivos (14%). Las embarazadas con Covid-19 experimentaron más cesáreas (RM combinada=6.7) y partos pretérmino (RM combinada=2.9); los neonatos experimentaron más admisiones a la UCI neonatal (RM combinada=5.9). Conclusión: La evidencia sobre los efectos adversos del Covid-19 durante el embarazo es limitada. No se pueden descartar riesgos a la salud del binomio, particularmente debido a las cesáreas y prematuridad.

Abstract: Objective: To summarize the scientific evidence of adverse health effects of Covid-19 during pregnancy. Materials and methods We conducted a Cochrane rapid review. Meta-analysis of proportions and odds ratios (OR) were performed. Results: Frequent maternal events included invasive mechanic ventilation and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU); pregnancy complications were fetal distress and premature rupture of membranes; common comorbidities were obesity and asthma. Deliveries by cesarean section (C-section) due to Covid-19 were frequent (51%). The most frequent neonatal outcomes were low birthweight and prematurity; we identified cases of SARS-CoV-2 positive neonates (14%). Pregnant women with Covid-19 were more likely to deliver by C-section (pooled OR=6.7) and prematurely (pooled OR=2.9); neonates were more likely to be admitted to the neonatal ICU (pooled OR=5.9). Conclusion: The available evidence on Covid-19 during pregnancy is limited. Therefore, we cannot disregard adverse health effects on the mother-child pair, particularly those related to C-sections and premature deliveries.

Barreras en mujeres indígenas para acceder a servicios obstétricos en el marco de redes integradas de servicios de salud / Barriers for indigenous women to access obstetric services within the framework of integrated health services networks

OBJETIVO: Analizar las barreras que enfrentan las mujeres indígenas para acceder a la red de servicios obstétricos en el marco de Redes Integradas de Servicios de Salud. MÉTODO: Se diseñó un estudio transversal descriptivo que integró métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. La muestra fue intencionada, no probabilística. La recolección de datos se hizo en Oaxaca, México, durante 2017 y 2018. Se encuestó a 149 mujeres indígenas usuarias de servicios obstétricos para caracterizarlas sociodemográficamente y se seleccionaron 30 que tuvieron complicaciones durante el proceso de embarazo y parto para realizarles una entrevista semiestructurada. Se realizó observación no participante. RESULTADOS: La red de servicios obstétricos agrupa la atención de cuatro instituciones con diferentes modelos de atención, y por ello diversos tipos de establecimientos y recursos humanos para atender a las mujeres indígenas. Casi el 20% de las mujeres no iniciaron control prenatal en el primer trimestre del embarazo y el 27,2% tuvieron complicaciones durante el periodo gestacional. Las principales barreras fueron de disponibilidad (horarios de atención, aspectos geográficos), accesibilidad (carencia de recursos financieros), aceptabilidad (prácticas ancestrales vs. recomendaciones médicas) y continuidad del servicio (dificultades para ingresar al segundo nivel de atención y a especialidades médicas). CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención en redes posibilita el acceso a los servicios obstétricos, pero no garantiza la atención. Para ello, es necesario mejorar tanto la infraestructura de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios obstétricos como los procesos de atención. Hay que ampliar la visión del modelo considerando la perspectiva de derechos humanos y de equidad en salud

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the barriers that indigenous women face in access to the network of obstetric services in the context of the implementation of integrated healthcare networks (IHN). METHOD: We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study including quantitative and qualitative methods. Sampling was intentional, no probabilistic. Data collection was carried out in Oaxaca, Mexico, during 2017-2018. A total of 149 indigenous women who used obstetrical services were surveyed and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained. Later were selected 30 cases that had complications during pregnancy and childbirth for a semi-structured interview. Non-participant observation was conducted. RESULTS: The network of obstetric services comprises four institutions with different models of care and therefore different types of facilities and human resources to assist indigenous women. Nearly 20% of women did not start prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy and 27.2% had complications during the gestational period. The main barriers were availability (hours of operation, geographical aspects), accessibility (lack of financial resources), acceptability (ancestral practices vs. medical recommendations), and continuity of service (difficulties for admit patients in hospitals referred from first line of care). CONCLUSIONS: The networks model allows access to obstetric services but does not guarantee care. For this it is necessary to improve both: the infrastructure of the obstetric service providers, and the care processes. It is necessary to broaden the vision of the IHN management model considering the perspective of human rights and equity in health